Statistical Computing and Graphics Concepts to Master

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1. Difference between a functional language with live access to data and a procedural or macro language
2. Meaning of a variable and what is the most commonly used object in S to store the values of a variable
3. What constitutes legal names for S objects
4. The most common data types in S
5. How to compose S commands for doing arithmetic on constants and variables
6. Names of the most commonly used algebraic and statistical functions
7. Difference between character constants and names of objects
8. Purpose and names of commonly used attributes of S objects
9. When to use { [ ( ) ] }
10. How to create, use, and subset vectors
11. Making systematic sequences of integers and floating point numerics
12. How to create logical expressions for checking equality and inequality, unions, and intersections of conditions
13. Notation for missing values and how to check for them
14. How to invoke functions having more than one argument
15. Purpose and components of data frames
16. How to subset rows and/or columns of data frames
17. How to extract or access a single variable from a data frame
18. Purpose of a factor variable and how to create one
19. How to make functions in add-on S libraries available for execution
20. Purpose of the data.dump and data.restore functions.
21. Methods for carrying out an overall inspection of the quality and completeness of data in an imported dataset.
22. Understand the search list.
23. Understand the special purpose of search position one.
24. Know how to make the variables contained in a data frame available for computation without using the name of the data frame as a prefix to a variable name.
25. How the general setup for using the Hmisc upData function to change, add, or delete variables in a data frame.
26. Understand some of the ways for repeating analyses over various data subgroups (stratified analyses).
27. Know how to create basic derived variables and how to recode categories of categorical variables.
28. Know an easy way to categorize a continuous variable into intervals.
29. Know the order that data import / annotation and other changes to variables / analyses / attaching data frames should be done.
30. Know how to use S functions to compute probabilities from a few of the most commonly used statistical distributions. For discrete distributions such as the binomial, know how to compute the probability of a specific value and how to compute cumulative probabilities.
31. Know how to use S statistical functions for the normal, t, F, and chi-square distribution to compute P values for statistical tests.
32. How to get a Spearman test of association, Wilcoxon two-sample test, and Kruskal-Wallis test, as special cases of a more general rank test, using a single S function.
33. Know the syntax for an S statistical formula.
34. Know in general terms the capabilities of the summary.formula function.
35. Understand that in many cases stratifying on a continuous variable by categorizing into intervals does not require creating a new variable.
36. Know the major elements of graphical perception.
37. Know how best to make a graph so that people can perceive differences.
38. Understand Weber's law and its ramifications for graphical design.
39. Know causes of common optical illusions in statistical graphics.
40. Know the ordering of perception tasks by how well humans interpret information from them.
41. Understand problems caused by pop charts.
42. Know how to determine a good aspect ratio for graphing curves.
43. Know how dot charts overcome problems with other types of charts.
44. Know how to best summarize distributional characteristics of data for graphics.
45. Know the best types of graphs for representing various types of data, and understand why these types are preferred.
46. Understand various methods for conditioning on other variables.
47. Know how to interpret and when to use the following types of plots:
    • rug plots (one-dimensional scatterplots)
    • histograms
    • density plots
    • empirical cumulative distribution plots
    • box plots
    • scatter plots
    • thermometer plots
    • bubble plots
    • scatterplot matrices

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