BDS Graphical Catalogue
Title Glossary of graphical terms Category Introduction Author Peter Lane Date 21 June 2005, latest revision 14 November 2007 This is an alphabetical list of graphical terms, providing brief explanations of names commonly used to refer to graphs. Each item includes a brief description of the term, links to internal and external resources, and: – a thumbnail graph, – references to any entries in the Catalogue that illustrate that type of graph, – information about availability of the graph in SAS and S-Plus, – availability in the BDS Graphical Workbench Environment (GWE) of S-Plus, and – references to any HARP macros that have been developed. Please contact R&D_BDS-Graphics-Catalogue with suggestions for improvement. Latest changes – New entry for Waterfall plot, example for Radial plot, revision of Barchart and Response-surface plot (14 Nov 07) – Links to GWE and HARP macros updated throughout the document (27 Jun 07) – New entries for Galbraith diagram, Interval plot, L’Abbé plot, Radial plot, Skyline plot (20 Jun 07) Notes. – Each thumbnail is constructed to be as clear as possible in a small area, but using a maximum of 10 KB to avoid the size of this index becoming too large. – Click on the thumbnail to see a full-size version. – The external links should open a new browser window rather than replace this document in the current window; however, the BDS Library does not allow this, so use the Back button in Internet Explorer to return to this document. – The internal links move your view around the document; however, the Back button will return you to the top of the document, so navigation may be easier using the lines of links provided below and after each letter of the alphabet. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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This is a panel display consisting of two associated dot-plots showing the incidence rate of adverse events in a comparative clinical trial. The right-hand panel shows the values of a statistic comparing two treatments, such as relative risk, odds ratio or risk difference, with bars for the standard errors or confidence intervals.
GWE Item in menu can draw simple dotplot only;
DOUBLEDOTPLOT ClinPack macro (Unix)
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Jun 05
HARP IDSL standard AE10; macro td_ae10 using SAS graphics released Sep 06;
macro td_ae10splus using S-Plus graphics released Q2 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Jul 06 (though for a PGx display rather than an AE display)
AE onset time CDF
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/aedia04.gif][
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This is a multiple lineplot showing the cumulative incidence of adverse events in a clinical trial. It is similar to a Kaplan-Meier plot, but showing incidence rather than survival.
GWE Item in menu for Kaplan-Meier Plot
S-Plus GUI See Kaplan-Meier plot
S-Plus script See Kaplan-Meier plot
HARP IDSL standard AE11 (like TTE11); macro td_tte11 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script See Kaplan-Meier plot
AE onset time hazard
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/aehaz02.gif][
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This is a multiple lineplot of the hazard function of two or more arms in a clinical trial, from a life-table analysis of a time-to-event response variable.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue May 06
HARP IDSL standards AE12 and TTE13; macro td_ae12 using SAS Graphics Dec 06
SAS script Entry in Catalogue May 06
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A barchart is a display of a distribution over discrete categories, with the height of parallel bars indicating frequency. A similar display of grouped continuous data is usually referred to as a histogram. Most barcharts, particularly when the height of the bars represents a continuous variable, are better displayed as a dotplot, particularly when displaying a series of summaries of a variable (such as means). When variability ranges are also to be included, a forest plot is appropriate. When the categories are values on a continuous scale, the display is usually better shown as a lineplot.
GWE Item in menu for Bar Chart
S-Plus GUI Graphics – 2D Plot – Bar: options for simple, grouped, or stacked,
and vertical or horizontal
S-Plus script Function barchart
HARP None
SAS script Proc GCHART
Biplot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/biplot.gif][
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A biplot is a scatterplot that simultaneously displays the observations (rows) and the relative positions of the variables (columns) of a multivariate dataset. Symbols are displayed for observations and arrows for variables. Observations are projected to two dimensions, approximately preserving the distance between the observations. The cosine of the angle between arrows approximates the correlation between the variables. For more information, see the MathWorks website.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI Statistics – Multivariate – Principal Components or Factor Analysis, Plot tab
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script Macro BIPLOT available from http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/sssg/biplot.html;
menu facilities available in Analyst: Statistics – Multivariate – Principal Components
and click on Plots
Bland-Altman plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/blandaltman.gif][
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A Bland-Altman plot is a scatterplot of treatment differences against treatment means for the result of a clinical trial. Reference lines are usually added at the mean difference, and at the mean difference plus and minus 1.96 times the standard deviation of the differences.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot
S-Plus GUI As for scatterplot
S-Plus script As for scatterplot
HARP None
SAS script As for scatterplot
Boxplot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/boxplot.jpg][
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A boxplot displays the distribution of a set of values, representing the interquartile range as a box with a line at the median (introduced by Tukey in the 1970s). Whiskers extend either to the extremes (simple boxplot) or to “fences”, with “outliers” marked individually (schematic diagram). It is usually presented in grouped form, comparing distributions in subsets of the data, or in parallel form comparing distributions of several variables. See the entry in Wikipedia.
GWE Item in menu for Box Plot
S-Plus GUI Graphics – 2D Plot – Box Plot (vertical or horizontal, grouped)
S-Plus script boxplot and bwplot functions, including boxplot profiles; entry in Catalogue Aug 06
HARP None (but see QTc time boxplots, Boxplot profile and LFT time boxplots)
SAS script Proc BOXPLOT, and Proc SHEWHART for boxplot profiles;
entry in Catalogue Aug 06
Boxplot profile
A boxplot profile is a multiple boxplot displaying the distribution of a variable at a series of time-points; see QTc time boxplots and LFT time boxplots for specific examples.
Bubble plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/bubbleplot.png][
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A bubble plot is a scatterplot with circular symbols whose size and colour vary according to other variables. There is known bias in visual recognition of areas, so these plots should be used with care.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plot – Bubble Plot or Bubble Color Plot
S-Plus script As for Scatterplot; function bubble in gstat library
HARP None
SAS script Proc GPLOT, statement BUBBLE; example D0324U01 in SAS Sample Library
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A theoretical CDF for a continuous distribution is a lineplot of cumulative probability against the abscissa; for a discrete distribution, is it usually displayed as a barchart of the cumulative probabilities at each value. An empirical CDF may be shown as a step function, or a smoothed version, and may have added bars to indicate variability. Multiple plots can compare empirical with theoretical CDFs, for example. See also QTc CDF plot. See also Kaplan-Meier plot.
GWE Item in menu for CDF Plot
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Aug 05; cdf.compare compares empirical against theoretical
HARP IDSL Standard EG7; macro td_ae10 using SAS graphics released Q1 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Aug 05; Proc UNIVARIATE and Proc CAPABILITY
Choropleth map
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/choropleth.jpg][
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A choropleth map is a geographical density display, showing the change in a variable across regions. (The word was constructed from two Greek words for “place” and “multiply”.) See http://www.geoplace.com/gw/2003/0301/0301crit.asp for an introduction.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Clustering tree: see dendrogram
Constellation diagram
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/constellation.jpg][
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A constellation diagram is a display of the nodes and linkages in a neural network. It may include interactive features such as a slider to determine a level below which linkages are not displayed.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Apr 06, using SAS 9.1 and Enterprise Miner
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A contour plot is a two-dimensional representation of the variation of one variable as two other variables change, as in a cartographical map showing contour lines of elevation across a piece of land.
GWE Item in menu for Contour Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plot – Contour Plot
S-Plus script Functions contour and contourPlot
HARP None
SAS script Proc GCONTOUR
Co-plot or Conditioning plot: see trellis display
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
D
Dendrogram
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/dendrogram.png][
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A dendrogram is a display of the results of a hierarchical clustering procedure on a set of multivariate data. It consists of a tree-like set of linked lines showing how individual cases combine into clusters as the measure of similarity decreases.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI Statistics – Cluster Analysis – Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering, Plot tab,
Clustering Tree
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Dot chart (two dimensional): see scatterplot
Dotplot (one dimensional)
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/dotplot.jpg][
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A dotplot is a display of a set of numerical values indexed by their labels. It was introduced by Cleveland (1984) to replace the too-pervasive piechart and barchart. Another common application is to display a series of summary statistics, sometimes with information on variation (see forest plot for one example). The values are usually ordered in some way to help interpretation. See also AE dotplot. A two-dimensional dotplot is usually called a scatterplot.
GWE Item in menu for Dot Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plot – Dot Plot
S-Plus script Function dotplot; see also scripts at UCLA for Cleveland’s “Visualizing data”
HARP None
SAS script None; entry for Catalogue in preparation
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F
Forest plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/forest.jpg][
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A forest plot is a display of the results of individual studies in a meta-analysis and the resulting pooled estimate. It consists of a range plot of the individual estimates and confidence intervals, with symbol area proportional to weight (e.g. inverse of variance), with the overall estimate and confidence interval shown as a diamond shape. Numerical values are often displayed at the side of the ranges. See article in BMJ.
GWE Item in menu for Forest Plot
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue March 06
HARP IDSL standards TTE 11 & 12; macro td_tte11 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue June 05
Funnel plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/funnel.gif][
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A funnel plot is a scatterplot of standard errors plotted against estimated effects, used to summarize the component studies in a meta-analysis. See the Cochrane website for interpretation.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot
S-Plus GUI As for scatterplot
S-Plus script As for scatterplot
HARP None
SAS script As for scatterplot
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
G
Galbraith diagram: see radial plot.
Grouped boxplot, barchart, etc: modification to display data in groups; see boxplot, barchart, etc
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
H
Half-Normal plot: see Q-Q plot
Hazard plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/hazard.jpg][
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A hazard plot is a lineplot displaying the change in hazard or risk over time. See AE onset time hazard for an example with adverse events.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue May 06
HARP IDSL standard AE 12 and TTE13; macro td_ae12 using SAS graphics Dec 06
SAS script Entry in Catalogue May 06
Heat map
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/heatmap.jpg][
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A heat map is a two-dimensional array of coloured areas, indicating potential association between two sets of variables or subjects represented as rows and columns of the array. Developed for the analysis of data from microarrays; see the entry in Wikepedia.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Histogram
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/histogram.gif][
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A histogram is a display of the distribution of a continuous variable, shown as a series of bars whose lengths correspond to the frequency of the variable lying in successive intervals. Several distributions can be compared in a parallel histogram. The display can be enhanced with an overlaid density curve (see PDF plot). The display for a series of categories is usually called a barchart.
GWE Item in menu for Frequency Histogram
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Histogram and Histogram with Density Line
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Mar 06; Functions hist and hist.factor
HARP none
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Aug 05; second entry in preparation with overlaid density;
Procs UNIVARIATE and CAPABILITY
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
I
Index plot
An index plot is a scatterplot showing values of one variable plotted against, and hence ordered by, the values of another (often time).
Interaction plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/interactionplot.gif][
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An interaction plot is a multiple lineplot of the means of a response variable against the levels of an explanatory variable, with separate lines for each level of a second explanatory variable (usually categorical). The display can be enhanced with bars representing SEs of the means, or a single bar at the edge when SEMs are equal or close.
GWE Items in menu for Line Plot
S-Plus GUI As for lineplot
S-Plus script Function interaction.plot; otherwise as for lineplot
HARP None
SAS script As for lineplot
Interval plot: an alternative name for a forest plot.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
J
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
K
Kaplan-Meier plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/km.jpg][
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A Kaplan-Meier plot is a cumulative distribution function of survival plotted against time, estimated from a time-to-event response variable. It can be enhanced with standard-error envelopes or bars, and with numbers at risk along the x-axis. Alternative forms include plotting the CDF of the recorded event, i.e. (1-survival), on the y-axis. See also: CDF plot.
GWE Item in menu for Kaplan-Meier Plot
S-Plus GUI Statistics – Survival – Cox provides dialogue to display function only
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Sep 06; function plot.kaplanMeier
HARP IDSL standard TTE10; macro td_tte10 using SAS Graphics Mar 07
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This is a matrix display of the variables assessed in liver function tests, showing scatterplots for each pair of variables of the maximum (worst-case) on-therapy results for each subject.
GWE Macro MATRIXOFCSP using SAS–S-Plus link (Unix)
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Aug 06
HARP IDSL standard LB8; macro td_lb8 using SAS Graphics March 07;
Macro using S-Plus graphics to be released Q3 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Dec 06
LFT max boxplots of maximum LFT values for each LFT
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/lftmax02.gif][
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This is a parallel boxplot showing the distributions of the maximum (worst-case) on-therapy results for each subject for the variables assessed in a liver function test.
GWE Item in menu for Box Plot
S-Plus GUI As for boxplot
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Aug 06
HARP IDSL standard LB10; macro td_lb10 using SAS Graphics March 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Aug 06
LFT patient profile
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/lftprofile03.gif][
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This is a trellis display for each patient of concern in a clinical trial, showing a multiple lineplot of liver function test results over time.
GWE Item in menu for Line Plot, using conditioning (a.k.a. trellis) option
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP IDSL standard LB11; macro td_lb11 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Mar 06
LFT time boxplots
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/lftbox6.png][
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This is a boxplot profile of one variable assessed in a liver function test during the course of a clinical trial. It is similar to the QTc time boxplots, but illustrates the use of an upper margin for extreme data.
GWE Item in menu for Box Plot, using dependent numeric X and Y variables
S-Plus GUI As for boxplot profile
S-Plus script As for boxplot profile
HARP IDSL standard LB9 (similar to EG8); macro td_eg8 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Dec 05 (actually for QTc rather than LFT)
LFT trellis plots by baseline
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/lfttrellis5.jpg][
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This is a trellis display of the results from liver function tests in a clinical trial, showing maximum (worst-case) on-therapy results by the baseline value for each subject.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot, using trellis option;
macro TRELLISOFCSP using SAS–S-Plus link (Unix)
S-Plus GUI As for trellis display
S-Plus script As for trellis display; entry in Catalogue Jan 06
HARP IDSL standard LB7; macro td_lb7 using SAS graphics March 07;
macro using S-Plus graphics to be released Q3 07
SAS script As for trellis display; entry in Catalogue Nov 06
Lineplot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/lineplot.png][
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A lineplot is a display of the association between two variables, representing corresponding observations as points in two dimensions joined by lines. The points may additionally be marked with symbols. The attributes of lines (e.g. colour, thickness and dashed or dotted style) and symbols (e.g. colour, size and shape) may be varied to represent categories of the observations. Bars may be added at each point, selected points, or at the edge of the graph, to indicate variability (usually SD, SEM or CI), particularly when the points represent observed or fitted summaries (such as means) of one variable plotted against another. Multiple lines are often plotted in a single display for comparison, and a scatterplot may be overlaid, particularly of raw data when the lines represent summaries. There are many examples in this index.
GWE Items in menu for Line Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Line Plot
S-Plus script Function lines
HARP Several macros available including td_eg9, td_ae13, td_lb11:
see under AE, LFT and QTc
SAS script Proc GPLOT, statement PLOT
Loadings plot: see principal-components plot
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
M
Matrix display
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/matrix.jpg][
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A matrix display is a panel display consisting of one type of graph in a two-dimensional array. Usually, rows and columns correspond to a set of variables whose cross-relationships are displayed in the graphs; but separate sets of variables may be used in each dimension. Rows or columns can also correspond to values of other variables (particularly factors) that may be associated with those displayed in the graphs. The display may be triangular, to avoid repeating information when the array is symmetric. The graphs on the diagonal may be of a different to those off the diagonal. For an example, see LFT matrix plot by parameter.
GWE Item in menu for Scatterplot Matrix
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plot with Axes Type: Vary X, Vary Y or Vary XY
S-Plus script Functions such as splom; see LFT Matrix plot by parameter
HARP See LFT matrix plot by parameter
SAS script Can be constructed using Proc GREPLAY; entry in Catalogue Aug 05
Mean plot: see summary plot
Mean profile plot: see summary profile plot
Mosaic plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/mosaic.png][
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A mosaic plot is a display of potential associations in multi-dimensional categorical data, representing frequencies as areas in a sub-divided rectangular framework. For more information, see Michael Friendly’s website.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Function mosaic
HARP None
SAS script None
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
N
Needle plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/needle.png][
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A needle plot is a barchart using lines rather than bars. This can be used as an alternative to an index plot to display an ordered series of values. The term is also used for a two-dimensional display showing gradient information as small directional compass-like needles at many points in an area.
GWE As for barchart
S-Plus GUI As for barchart
S-Plus script As for barchart
HARP None
SAS script As for barchart
Normal plot: see Q-Q plot
Normal probability plot: see probability plot
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
O
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
P
Panel display
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/boxhists.jpg][
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A panel display is a general term for a graphical display made up of more than one graph. It allows pictures to be grouped together so that related information can be viewed at the same time. Special examples are trellis displays and matrix displays, where the multiple graphs are all of the same type.
GWE No facilities for general panel displays, but many for trellis and matrix displays
S-Plus GUI No facilities for general panel displays, but many for trellis and matrix displays
S-Plus script For an example, see AE Dotplot; entry in Catalogue Aug 05
HARP See AE Dotplot
SAS script Proc GREPLAY allows multiple graphs to be brought together in a single display
Parallel boxplot, barchart, etc: modification to display data in groups; see boxplot, barchart, etc
Parallel coordinate plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/pcp.gif][
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A parallel coordinate plot is a display of relationships in multidimensional data. See Oklahoma State University website.
GWE PARALELLTRELLIS ClinPack Macro (Unix)
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Pareto chart
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/paretochart.gif][
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A Pareto chart is a barchart showing the relative importance of groups in a dataset; e.g. frequencies of failures due to different causes. The display shows descending percentages of each category; optionally, it can be plotted with a line plot displaying cumulative percentages.
GWE Item in menu for Bar Chart
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Pareto Plot
S-Plus script As for barchart
HARP As for barchart
SAS script As for barchart
Partial-residual plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/partialres.png][
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A partial-residual plot is a lineplot with an overlaid scatterplot, displaying the modelled relationship of the response variable with one explanatory variable, adjusted for effects of other explanatory covariables, with residual scatter. Multiple lines can be used to represent different relationships for groups of the data, with both points and lines colour-coded.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
PDF plot(Probability Density Function)
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/pdfestimate.jpg][
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A PDF for a continuous distribution is a lineplot of probability density against the abscissa; for a discrete distribution, is it usually displayed as a barchart of the probabilities at each value. A theoretical PDF can be useful for illustrating assumptions, while a fitted PDF displays the form of a distribution whose parameters have been estimated from data. An empirical PDF shows the actual distributions of observed data, and is usually shown as a histogram for a continuous distribution, and as a barchart for a discrete one; various forms of smoothing can be applied before display. Multiple plots can compare empirical with theoretical PDFs, for example.
GWE DENSITYPLOTTRELLIS Clinpack macro (Unix)
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Function densityplo t; entry in Catalogue (fitted PDF) Mar 06
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue (fitted PDF) Aug 05; entry in Catalogue (empirical PDF) Dec 05;
Proc UNIVARIATE for observed PDF
Peto diagram for meta-analysis: see forest plot
Piechart
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/piechart.png][
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A piechart displays a set of proportions using segments of a circle. This is not recommended for conveying information: a dotplot is usually more informative. Edward Tufte said “Given their low data-density and failure to order numbers along a visual dimension, pie charts should never be used.” So-called “three-dimensional” pie-charts, in particular, should not be used because they distort the information.
GWE Item in menu for Pie Chart
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Axes type: Pie
S-Plus script Function piechart
HARP None
SAS script Proc GCHART, statements PIE (and PIE3D: certainly not recommended)
Power curve
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/power.jpg][
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A power curve is a lineplot showing the change in power of a planned test as some aspect of the expected data varies, such as sample size or effect size. Multiple lines are often displayed in a single graph to compare the power curves as a second aspect of the data varies. Note that the program PASS produces power curves.
GWE Items in menu for Line Plot
S-Plus GUI As for lineplot
S-Plus script As for lineplot
HARP IDSL standard ESI7; macro td_eg9 using SAS graphics can be used to create this
plot
SAS script As for lineplot
P-P plot (Probability-probability plot)
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/ppplot.jpg][
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A P-P plot is a scatterplot of an observed against a theoretical cumulative distribution function.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Probability-Probability or PP Normal
S-Plus script As for scatterplot
HARP None
SAS script As for scatterplot
Principal-components plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/score.jpg][
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Two types of scatterplot are commonly referred to as principal-components plots, displaying either the scores or the loadings for one component against those for another in a principal-components analysis.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue Nov 05
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Nov 05
Probability plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/probplot.gif][
]]
A probability plot is a scatterplot of the observed cumulative distribution of a set of values plotted on a probability scale against the values themselves. Sometimes this term is used to refer to other types of graphs that use a probability scale, particularly a P-P plot, or quantiles from a probability distribution, particularly a Q-Q plot.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot
S-Plus GUI As for scatterplot
S-Plus script As for scatterplot
HARP None
SAS script As for scatterplot
Profile plot: A lineplot of observations of a variable against time.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Q
Q-Q plot (Quantile-quantile plot)
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/qq.jpg][
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A Q-Q plot is a scatterplot comparing quantiles of an observed distribution against a theoretical one (often the Normal). A common application is to compare the quantiles of the standardized residuals from a fitted linear model with those of the Normal distribution; this can be extended to generalized linear models. The plot can be enhanced with a simulation envelope.
GWE Item in menu for QQ Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plot – “QQ Normal with Line”;
Statistics – Regression – “Residuals Normal QQ” on Plots tab,
and similarly for other models
S-Plus script plot function applied to the output from lm and glm functions; qqplot and qq functions
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue May 05; Proc REG has keyword NQQ in PLOTS statement
QTc CDF plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/qtccdf01.gif][
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This is a CDF plot of the cumulative distribution function of the change from baseline in the QTc interval at some time-point during a clinical trial.
GWE Item in menu for CDF Plot
S-Plus GUI As for CDF plot
S-Plus script As for CDF plot
HARP As for CDF plot
HARP IDSL standard EG7; macro td_eg7 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script As for CDF plot
QTc means plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/qtcmeans04.gif][
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This is a summary profile plot of the mean change from baseline in the QTc interval during the course of a clinical trial.
GWE Item in menu for Line Plot
S-Plus GUI As for summary profile plot
S-Plus script As for summary profile plot
HARP IDSL standard EG9; macro td_eg9 using SAS graphics Dec 06
SAS script As for summary profile plot
QTc time boxplots
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/qtcbox12.png][
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This is a boxplot profile of the change from baseline in the QTc interval during the course of a clinical trial. It is similar to the LFT time boxplots.
GWE Item in menu for Box Plot, using dependent numeric X and Y variables
S-Plus GUI As for boxplot profile
S-Plus script As for boxplot profile
HARP IDSL standard EG8; macro td_eg8 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script As for boxplot profile; entry in Catalogue Dec 05
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R
Radar plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/radarplot.jpg][
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A radar plot gives a visual comparison of several items, usually without regard to a specific numeric scale. It can be useful for comparing observations on a subject against a norm or target.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script Procedure GRADAR
Radial plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/radial.png][
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A radial plot is a display proposed by Rex Galbraith for meta-analysis, sometimes referred to as a Galbraith diagram. It is a scatterplot of standardized treatment effect (effect/s.e.) against precision (1/s.e.) from a collection of studies. It is usually enhanced with an unweighted regression line through the origin (representing the combined estimate) and a confidence band, and may include radial axes to help interpret individual study estimates.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Range plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/rangeplot.gif][
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A range plot is a comparative display of the range of a variable, with bars representing the ranges for a series of groups of observations. When the groups are ordered, particularly associated with time, the minima and maxima may be joined by two lines with the area between being shaded rather than displaying discrete bars. See summary plot for a similar display with bars representing variability estimates such as standard errors or confidence intervals, and forest plot for an example..
GWE Item in menu for Forest Plot
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script Entry in Catalogue March 06
HARP IDSL standards TTE 11 & 12; macro td_tte11 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue June 05
Residual plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/fitres.jpg][
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The term “residual plot” usually refers to a scatterplot of the residuals against the fitted values from a linear or generalized linear model (e.g. logistic, log-linear or Poisson). It may be enhanced with reference lines and a smoothed line to highlight any trends. Residuals are usually standardized to aid interpretation of the size of outliers.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot
S-Plus GUI Statistics – Regression – “Residuals vs Fit” on Plot tab, and option for smooth line
S-Plus script plot function applied to output from lm and glm functions; entry in Catalogue Dec 04
HARP A standard macro would be useful, but none has been proposed yet
SAS script simple version (no lines) from ODS option of Proc GLM; entry in Catalogue Dec 04
Response-surface plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/surface.jpg][
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A response-surface plot represents a three-dimensional surface, showing the change in a modelled response variable with respect to two explanatory variables. It is often used in factorial designs with quantitative treatments that may interact.
GWE Item for Response-Surface Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 3D Plots – Surface (9 different entries)
S-Plus script The dox library (released with S-Plus 6.2) provides functions for generating and
displaying response-surface designs
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Apr 06; Entry for animated version Apr 06;
Entry for “colour draped” version Dec 06
Proc GMAP, statement SURFACE
ROC plot (Receiver-Operating Characteristic plot)
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/roc.jpg][
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An ROC plot is a lineplot of sensitivity, or the “true-positive rate”, against (1–specificity), or “false-positive rate”, over all possible values of the criterion used in a decision process to divide subjects into two classes (such as healthy vs diseased). Multiple lines can represent alternative criteria, or one criterion applied to separate datasets. The lines may be smoothed to show the main trend without the expected random fluctuation as a criterion changes. See the entry in Wikipedia.
GWE Item in menu for Line Plot
S-Plus GUI As for lineplot
S-Plus script As for lineplot
HARP As for lineplot
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Aug 05
Rugplot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/rugplot.png][
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A rugplot displays the distribution of observed values, usually in the form of short vertical lines added along the x-axis of a more complex graph.
GWE Could use Scatter Plot item in menu if dataset in correct format (i.e. extra observations with appropriate values to draw the rug)
S-Plus GUI Option Include rugplot in dialogue for plots, e.g. Statistics – Regression – Linear
S-Plus script Function rug adds a rug to an existing plot
HARP None
SAS script Could use PROC GPLOT, statement PLOT, if dataset in correct format (i.e. extra observations to draw the rug)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S
Scatterplot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/scatterplot.gif][
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A scatterplot displays the association between two variables, representing corresponding observations as points in two dimensions marked with graphical symbols. The symbol shape, colour and fill-status can be varied to represent categories of the observations. Envelopes or density contours can be added to emphasize the range and shape of the observed or a hypothesized distribution. Scatterplots can also display observed or fitted summaries (such as means) of one variable against summaries of another. There are many examples in the Catalogue; s ee also: bubble plot.
GWE Item in menu for Scatter Plot
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Scatter Plot
S-Plus script Functions plot and xyplot
HARP None
SAS script Proc GPLOT, statement PLOT
Scatterplot matrix: see matrix display
Scatterplot, one-dimensional: see strip plot, rugplot
Schematic diagram: see boxplot
Screeplot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/scree.gif][
]]
A Screeplot is a scatterplot or barchart showing how the percentage of variation in a multivariate dataset is associated with increasing numbers of principal components.
GWE Items in menu for Scatter Plot and Bar Chart
S-Plus GUI As for scatterplot or barchart
S-Plus script As for scatterplot or barchart
HARP None
SAS script As for scatterplot or barchart; menu facilities available in Analyst:
Statistics – Multivariate – Principal Components and click on Plots
Skyline plot: another name for a step plot, particularly when the steps can be large both up and down, giving the effect of a silhouette of high-rise buildings.
Spaghetti plot: another term for a profile plot.
Sparkline
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/sparkline.jpg][
]]
A sparkline is a miniature graphic intended for displaying within text in a document, or as part of a larger display. For more information, see http://sparkline.org/.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Aug 05
Spider plot: a simple form of radar plot
Splom: a term used in S-Plus for a matrix display of scatterplots
Stacked barchart
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/stacked.jpg][
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A stacked barchart is a barchart in which each bar is subdivided to show the proportion of the frequency attributable to several categories. The subdivisions are usually differentiated by fill-style or colour or both. When the display needs to allow visual comparison of the relative sizes of components across the graph, a parallel barchart or dotplot are clearer representations because they facilitate comparison from a common baseline.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI Graph – 2D Plots – Bar-stacked
S-Plus script As for barchart
HARP None
SAS script As for barchart
Star plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/starplot.png][
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A star plot is a series of small iconic charts, each in the form of a radial lineplot or barchart, used to display multivariate data. Each star represents an individual in a dataset, with the “spokes” of the stars showing the size of each of the variables measured on the individuals. The spokes can simply be points, which are joined up to give a polygonal shape characterizing the relative sizes of the variable for that individual, or can be drawn as radial coloured “bars”.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Step plot: a type of lineplot in which the lines are all horizontal or vertical, giving a stepped effect; for examples, see AE onset time hazard, CDF plot and Kaplan-Meier plot
Stick plot: another term for a lineplot
Strip plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/stripplot.gif][
]]
A strip plot is a one-dimensional scatterplot, showing the distribution of a set of values. It can be enhanced by showing the mean as a solid line, median as a dotted line, and quartiles as dashed lines; alternatively, means and confidence intervals may be drawn in parallel to the strips. The individual values can be jittered, in either or both dimensions, to avoid hiding points; alternatively, symbols can be modified e.g. in size) to represent superposition.
GWE Could be conceived as a dot plot (Dot Plot item in menu)
STRIPPLOTTRELLIS Clinpack macro (UNIX)
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Sep 06; trellis version Nov 06
Summary plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/lifetable.jpg][
]]
A summary plot is a scatterplot of a set of summary statistics, such as means or variances, plotted against a continuous variable such as time, or against a categorical variable with several groups. The statistics are usually presented with added bars indicating variability, such as standard deviations, standard errors or confidence intervals. The statistics are sometimes displayed numerically alongside the graphical representation. See forest plot for a specific display for meta-analysis. If the bars indicate the ranges, the display is also referred to as a range plot.
GWE Item in menu for Line Plot (would need to set line colours to white)
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP IDSL standard TTE11; macro td_tte11 using SAS graphics March 07
SAS script Entry in Catalogue Aug 05
Summary profile plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/summaryprofile.jpg][
]]
A summary profile plot is a lineplot of a summary statistic (such as the mean) over time, with bars indicating variability. Multiple lines compare the profile between groups in the data. The display can be enhanced with numbers of individuals at each time-point, and with margins showing maxima or other derived statistics. See also QTc means plot.
GWE Items in menu for Line Plot
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP IDSL standard EG9; macro td_eg9 using SAS graphics Dec 06
SAS script Entry in Catalogue July 05
Surface plot: see response-surface plot
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T
Three-dimensional histogram or barchart
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/threedhist.gif][
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This is a three-dimensional representation of a continuous or discrete distribution in two dimensions. This form of display is sometimes also used to display the values of one variable in relation to corresponding values of two other variables, but this is usually best shown as a contour plot.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI Graph – 3D Plots – Bar Chart
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Time-line plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/timeline.gif][
]]
A time-line plot is a comparative display of time-periods, using time as the x-axis (or y-axis) and a series of horizontal (or vertical) lines, with explanatory labels, representing periods. The term is also sometimes used to refer to a lineplot with time on the x-axis, which is referred to here as a profile plot.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Tornado diagram: see forest plot
Treemap
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/treemap.gif][
]]
A Treemap is an enhanced mosaic plot displaying the frequencies of multi-dimensional categorical data, with interactive facilities to drill down into chosen sub-classifications. It was developed specifically for the investigation of microarray data. See examples at Uni. of Maryland and the Hive Group.
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Trellis display
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/trellis.gif][
]]
A trellis display is a panel display in which panels are laid out into rows, columns, and pages indexed by the values of one or more “conditioning” variables in a multivariable dataset. On each panel of the trellis, a subset of the data is graphed by a display method such as a scatterplot or boxplot, showing the relationship between other variables conditional on the values of the conditioning variables. The name “trellis” was coined by Bill Cleveland, and the concept is fully integrated into the S and S-Plus languages; in R, it is called a “lattice display” to avoid copyright restrictions. For examples, see LFT patient profile and LFT trellis plot by baseline.
GWE Use trellis option of many of the menu items
S-Plus GUI Graph – Multipanel Graph;
also available via interactive amendment of a simple graph
S-Plus script Trellis is a defined class in the language, with many supporting functions
such as coplot; see also scripts at UCLA for Cleveland’s “Visualizing data”
HARP None
SAS script Can be constructed using Proc GREPLAY;
some procedures such as UNIVARIATE provide types of trellis
Triangle plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/triangle.png][
]]
A triangle plot is a scatterplot of three-component proportions within a triangular framework. See the Wikipedia entry, for example,
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
U
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
V
Volcano plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/volcano.jpg][
]]
A volcano plot is a scatterplot, developed in the analysis of microarrays, of log P-value against log fold-change. See, for example, the NIH website. When displayed horizontally, confidence intervals can be added (preferably to selected points only).
GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script Entry in Catalogue May 06
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
W
Waterfall plot
[[http://iwha.gsk.com/bdsvd/files/Graphics Catalogue/Graphics/waterfall.jpg][
]]
The term “Waterfall plot” is used for several different displays. This example is in oncology, where it is used for a CDF plot constructed with bars for each subject, ordered by the value of some measured variable, and transposed so that the variable is on the y-axis. In Excel, a waterfall chart is constructed from “floating-columns”, showing how an initial value is increased and decreased by a series of intermediate values, leading to a final value. Wikipedia has an entry for a Waterfall plot that is three-dimensional, showing how two-dimensional information changes over time or some other variable. GWE None
S-Plus GUI None
S-Plus script None
HARP None
SAS script None
Wire frame: a response-surface plot with grid-lines drawn on the surface
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X
XY-plot: another name for a scatterplot
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Y
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z