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Slide 1: Cross-Sectional Study Design Diagram
It is easy to describe a cross-sectional study as a sample of a population at one point in time, a cross-section of that population. What is perhaps not so well appreciated is that this design in the setting of a hypothetical cohort demonstrates the prevalent nature of the sample.
In other words, only those individuals who were present at the time of the cross-sectional sample have a chance to be included.
Cross-sectional sampling, then, will only capture prevalent cases of disease, which means that the probability of inclusion is related to the length of disease duration or survival. It will over-represent those cases of the disease with longer disease duration or survival times.
Slide 2: Prevalence
Measures prevalence of disease at one point in time.
Likewise, those without disease are also \x93prevalent,\x94 meaning that persons with certain characteristics may be more or less likely to be represented in the cross-sectional sample.
This would be the case if the individuals who left the population, represented by the arrows in the schematic, differed on characteristics of interest from those who remained to the time of study.
Slide 3: Point versus Period
Two types: Point prevalence: Do you currently have a backache? (study takes 4 months)
Period prevalence: Have you had a backache in the past 6 months?
Main weakness: Cannot determine whether putative cause preceded the disease outcome. Cannot distinguish factors associated with disease from factors associated with survival with disease.
Generally when we speak of prevalence, we are speaking of \x93point prevalence.\x94
If we ask for the prevalence of asthma, we usually mean how many persons in the United States have asthma right at a given point in time? But you will also encounter the expression \x93period prevalence\x94 in which a wider time period is specified, such as the example on the slide of a backache in the past 6 months.
Slide 4: Prevalence: Chronic Conditions vs Short Duration
For chronic conditions like asthma, there may not be much difference between a point and a period prevalence, unless you made the period quite long.
For common, but generally short duration conditions, such as backache or the common cold, however, they differ substantially.
In a cross-sectional study taking aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories would likely be associated with having a backache, but you would not conclude that those medications cause backache because you know they came after the backache as a treatment not before as a causative agent.
You won\x92t be able to know that for many of the associations that might be discovered in an analysis of associations in cross-sectional data. For that reason it is the weakest design for assessing causation.